Concept analysis paper pain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concept analysis paper pain - Essay Example Described in relation to such damage, IASP argues that pain is always personal. Therefore, IASP further argues that it is upon each individual to learn how to apply the word. Consequently, the way through which this individual can learn the application of pain is through his or her experiences in early life, which are related to injury. However, according to some scholars, pain is not at all times unpleasant. Instead, according to Ross and Ross, pain serves both negative and positive functions (Risjord, 2011). Therefore, according to these scholars pain can be used as a warning signal for tissue trauma or as a treatment and diagnosis aid (Kolcaba, 2003). Consequently, in nursing diagnosis, the definition of pain is that is it comes whenever a person experiences and reports to have had an uncomfortable sensation or severe discomfort (Carroll-Johnson, 1989). Therefore, concisely, the pain sensation is dependent to a large extend on the physical stimulus. However, the expression and/or perception of pain in most cases emphasize a more socio-psycho-cultural aspect. The view of pain by both the professional and sociological fields therefore, is that it bears both the negative and positive functions (Meleis, 2011). ... The list is as follows: 1. Selection of the concept; 2. Determination of the purposes or aims of analysis; 3. Identification of all the applications of the concept; 4. Determination of the defining attributes; 5. Construction of a model case; 6. Construction of the contrary, related, illegitimate, invented, and borderline cases; 7. Identification of consequences and antecedents and; 8. The definition of empirical referents Antecedents for the concept The antecedents are described as those incidents or events that occur before the concept of pain (Walker & Avant, 1995). Consequently, in relation to the concept of pain, the cultural, personal, and environmental values act as antecedents. There is also some interrelationship among the three antecedents (Doran, 2011). For instance, there is the relationship between the event triggering the pain and the environmental antecedent. On the other hand, it is the mind or the body of an individual that will get affected by the event (Marriner-To mey & Alligood, 2006). Consequently, the event can cause potential or actual tissue damage leading to the hospitalization, noxious stimulus, or venipuncture in the side of the individual. What also play an important role in this event is the attitude and the knowledge of the individual (Nelson,1993). The way the individual will accept and expect and cope with the pain in this case is going to be determined by this attitude and knowledge acquired from an experience (Larsen & Lubkin, 2009). The personal issue on the other hand includes the individual’s present emotional and physical condition, socio-economic class, gender, and personality (Peterson and Bredow, 2008). The extent of muscle tension, the capacity of the individual to feel the pain, and the sleeping

Case Study Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique - Case Study Example also presents a case of a 61 year old who suffers from hypertension, with symptoms such as BP of 155/86, heart rate of 55, stage I HTN, and blood sugar indicative of diabetes. It is evident that his family has a history of smoking, obesity, HTN, hence high risks of increased cardiovascular problems. Medications for the ailment and the appropriateness of this medication follow. The author is also very keen to give additional information on the infection that a person should look out for in case of symptoms and the outcomes of the therapy. This clearly shows that the author is well conversant with the topic under study. The author concludes by giving plan P that entails the recommendations and steps to follow in the case of a new medication. However, I am actually concerned with the section of additional information. The author has stated points very briefly, and that may actually be confusing, especially the initials of terms such as UA, EKG, and ECHO among others – a person who knows nothing about hypertension may not comprehend them. I recommend the application of the work by Kunnamo (2005) for an improvement of the fact presentation. The author has, nonetheless, shown great knowledge in the presentation of outcomes of the treatment of

Terms Comparison Paper Essay Example for Free

Terms Comparison Paper Essay Within the world of health care economics, the United States â€Å"for-profit† health care system, strife with inflated costs and barriers to access, is in a process of reform. Rising insurance premiums, capitation, and market competition that discourage the consumption of unnecessary services currently reward providers for their focus on acute, episodic treatments, rather than encouraging improved health outcomes or disease prevention. The supplier-induced market has forced medical providers to base treatment recommendations on economic necessity. Complex billing and insurance operations have caused administrative costs to skyrocket. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) aims to correct these inefficiencies by reducing personal health care costs, improving community health, and increasing access to quality care. The following discussion will examine the interplay of capital resources, Meaningful Use, and financial incentives within the world of health care economics and system reform. Capital Resources Capital resources refer to assets used by a health care organization that facilitate the delivery of services. As the United States’ health care system evolves from an institution dependent on the acquisition of revenues from hospital admissions and procedures to one focused on managing health and wellness, the careful utilization and deployment of capital resources is critical to economic growth. Computer programs are a beneficial capital resource that supports the practice of medicine, such as computerized order entry or clinical decision support systems. For example, a computerized order entry system reduces the duplication of diagnostic testing while clinical decision support systems help providers manage chronic conditions. Industry experts agree the adoption of health care information technology (HIT) is necessary for improving quality and efficiency, although, as of 2006, only 12% of physicians and 11% of hospitals invested in technological improvements to their capital resources (Congress, 2008). Meaningful Use Meaningful Use refers to standards of quality demonstrated when using electronic health records (EHR) to deliver services. Traditionally, quality improvement initiatives evaluated services on a case-by-case basis; for example, was a procedure performed properly, were there complications, was  the patient satisfied, and was the provider properly trained? The ACA’s movement towards health care reform expands the focus on reducing individual errors to addressing system performance and community health. Through data capture and sharing, health care organizations gain the ability to use this information to analyze and advance clinical processes. For instance, through the aggregation of real-time patient data early warning systems can reduce medical emergencies, transitions to intensive care, and mortality rates. Even though the ACA does not mandate the adoption and Meaningful Use of EHRs, after 2015, all Medicare providers not participating in the EHR incentive program may be sub ject to financial penalties (Impact, 2012). Financial Incentives Financial incentives refer to monetary rewards and penalties offered to health providers for creating a stronger primary care system that expands access, provides improved quality, and delivers better health results. Under the current fee-for-service system, providers do not receive payments for time spent with a patient discussing medical histories, alternative treatment options, concerns, between visit follow-ups, or even care coordination and management; instead, reimbursements occur through procedures, such as surgeries or diagnostic testing. Under ACA, primary care physicians receive a temporary increase in both Medicare and Medicaid payments. Financial incentives are also available for providers who encourage their patients to obtain preventative care services and for patients, through the elimination of coinsurance, deductibles, and copayments for approved preventative services and tests, such as blood pressure and cancer screenings. Moreover, the ACA Medicaid expansion will p rovide over 32 million people with health coverage, resulting in improved health and less uncompensated care (Abrams, Nuzum, Mika, Lawlor, 2011). Discussion Within the world of health care economics, access to health care services becomes restricted through a fee-for-service model that authorizes third-party payers to prioritize reimbursements for the delivery of acute, episodic treatment over preventative care and wellness. As purchasers, patients have little ability to evaluate the quality of services received or  negotiate fair prices. The ACA serves as an advocate, shifting the focus of the health care system from personal health to community health. As part of this initiative, providers receive financial rewards for investing in technological improvements, such as EHR adoption. Through the development of a national HIT infrastructure, capital resource investments enable data capture and sharing. When combined with Meaningful Use incentives, providers receive encouragement to create real-time monitoring solutions to improve health and reduce costs. Together, the ACA offers a path where primary care providers have the means to devel op a stronger health care system that provides expanded access, improved quality, and increased wellness. Conclusion The United States â€Å"for-profit† health care system, conflicted with inflated costs and barriers to access, is in a process of reform. The ACA aims to correct these market failures by reducing costs, improving health, and increasing access to quality care. The change in focus from reducing clinical errors to addressing system performance and community health is an essential aim of the ACA. Through the adoption of HIT, health care providers strengthen their capital resources and increase their ability to deliver quality, cost-effective care. Once adopted, Meaningful Use incentivizes the use of community health data to establish real-time monitoring programs that detect the need for medical intervention. The ACA offers several economic initiatives to encourage providers to evolve from a for-profit mentality to one focused on health and wellness. The economics behind health care reform will redefine health care demands and the types of services delivered. Over time, the focus on preventative care and wellness will reduce the demand for costly treatments, lowering national health care costs. References Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office. (2008). Evidence on the costs and benefits of health information technology (2976). Retrieved from website: http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/91xx/doc9168/05-20-healthit.pdf Impact Advisors. (2012). Meaningful use stage 2: Understanding timing and penalties. Retrieved from website: http://www.impact-advisors.com/assets/news/document/ IA_Primer_on_MU_Stage_2_Timing_and_Penalties.pdf Abrams, M., Nuzum, R., Mika, S., Lawlor, G. (2011). Realizing health reform’s potential. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/ Publications/Issue%20Brief/2011/Jan/1466_Abrams_how_ACA_will_strengthen_primary_care_reform_brief_v3.pdf

The Pros and Cons of Language Translation :: Pro Con Essays

To answer the question above we first have to define what is actually meant by translation before we are able to think about the limits and advantages of translation. Translation can be described as an expression of a sense from one language to another as well as a transmission of a written or spoken language into another. Translation is since the beginning of human culture an important item of understanding between different countries. So the â€Å"Stone of Rosette† made it possible to decipher the ancient Egypt language. But here we already see the limits of translation. We never will be able to understand all their feelings. Later on, the translations of the old Greek and Latin authors have influenced all western Europe countries and have let to the grandiose works of Shakespeare for example. Here we see the great advantage translations have brought to all Europe. As the statement in the title says, translation offers us the experience and attitudes of another culture or mentality. When for example reading books from typically English authors like Agatha Christie or George Orwell in German or any other language, we learn something about the culture or mentality, because the good description as well as the feeling of being in Britain at the present time, makes this possible. From this we come to a point which is even more important, the transport of culture and understanding between peoples. A good example for this is the book â€Å"Uncle Toms Hut† which had enforced the fight against slavery world wide but was hardly able to cause political influence. This shows again the limits of translation. On the other side we can not imagine a world without the translation of literary master pieces from all countries, mentioned only the great Russian, German, English and French authors red all over the world. Here we see the problems and limits of translation very closely. A good translation not only transports the sense but also the choice of words and the way of expressing. Especially for translations of high standing literature the translator should be home in both languages. The translator often finds his limit with poems. An other example to show the limits of translation are technical items, which were produced in China or Korea. As we do not speak any Chinese or Korean we are not able to understand what we should do before the first use.

Female Foeticide in India

What is female foeticide?The act of aborting or terminating a foetus while it’s still in the womb, because it is female, is known as female foeticide. This can be done after determining the sex of the child before it’s born, through ultrasound scans. Although, sex determination in India is illegal, the practice is rampant and has become a multi-million dollar industry. Coupled with prospective parents desperate for a boy child, and physicians who are carrying out these abortions, female foeticide has become a shameful and shocking reality of our nation. What is the main cause of female foeticide?For centuries, families across many parts of India have regarded a male child as the preferred of the two sexes. There have been many social, financial, emotional and religious reasons for this preference and while times have changed, many of these reasons and beliefs continue to remain. Today, some of the key reasons that exist for the preference of a male child are as follows: The tradition of paying dowry at the time of a daughter’s marriage is alive and kicking. This amount can be so huge that many parents will go to extreme lengths to avoid having a daughter in the first place. A son is seen as someone who can earn and care for his parents in their later years, while a daughter will get married and go away.A son can carry on the family name, while a daughter becomes part of her husband’s family. Girls are seen as consumers, whereas boys are seen as producers. Many families consider it a status symbol to have a son, and a point of shame to have a daughter. Often, the pressure to bear a male child on the woman is so great that she herself might choose to get sex determination done and abort the baby if it’s a girl. Illiteracy, poverty and the tag of ‘burden’ that is assigned to a girl child, makes the desire for a male child even stronger.Modern technology has made it very easy to determine the sex of the child while it ’s still in the womb, giving parents-to-be the option of aborting the foetus and continuing to try to conceive till they get a male child. While sex determination has been banned by the Indian government, it does not stop families from going to great lengths to find out anyway. Not only are there plenty of scanning centres that reveal this information, many of the wealthier families fly the pregnant mother to neighbouring countries  where sex determination is legal, to find out the gender of the baby. Once the gender of the baby is known, families that are keen to have a baby boy choose to abort the female foetus. The law on aborting is also strict, and the Indian government allows it only under certain circumstances.Therefore, by determining the sex of the baby and aborting it because it’s a girl, the parents as well as the participating physicians are breaking two major laws.What impact does female foeticide have on the sex ratio?Sex ratio refers to ratio of female s to males in a given region. Practices like female foeticide and female infanticide (killing a baby girl after she is born) have had an adverse effect on the sex ratio of a nation and gives rise to further social evils. As per the Indian Census 2011 report, the sex ratio of India (females per 1000 males) is as follows: Average India sex ratio – 933Rural sex ratio – 946 Urban sex ratio – 900 State with highest female sex ratio – Kerala – 1058 State with lowest female sex ratio – Haryana – 861 What are the long-term impacts of female foeticide?The most important impact of female foeticide is the skewed ratio it gives rise to. The dearth of females leads to other complications like female trafficking, kidnappings and in increase in assault and rape against women. Female foeticide is a horrific and illegal practice that has got to be stopped. The way to do this is by implementation of stronger laws and bringing about a change in the mind -set of our countrymen – uphill tasks, but absolutely crucial nevertheless.

Cell Phones, Pagers And The Pda - 1267 Words

Abstract The recent advancements in the technology have made the coupling of the powerful processors along with the memory system very easy with the wireless communications and also high resolution based display to the wrist watch. This incorporation of the new technologies to the wrist watch has led to development of the smart watch technology. This smart watch has been specified in the name of wearable computer. People can be easily being in touch with the recent technologies and the on-going communication with the help of this smart watch. In case of the devices like mobile phones, pagers and the PDA they must be initially opened and then only they can be accessed. The instant-on paradigm used by these devices is the main success†¦show more content†¦Current watches are highlights on SMS service, remote control and evaluate the movements by internal accelerometer.One of the first smartwatches, with camera, voice control an notifications. You can see you hav an email, but are able to read it. The smartwatches on the other hand have taken to the next level where the instantly-viewable paradigm is used. The chance of misplacing the watches is also very less when compared to that of the mobile phones and pagers as these smart watches will be kept on the wrists. Despite of the different advantages offered by smart watch technology, there are several challenges that must be addressed while designing a smart watch technology. The design of the smart watch must be based on the small screen where there is no space for the input devices or for the batteries. The value provided to the smart watch platform mainly depends on the way of identifying proper solutions to all these challenges. This report covers the main technologies that are required while developing the smart watch. Along with these technologies, the main challenges that haveto be addressed during the smart watch design process are also covered.The new watch devices which are introduced in the market d o not support functions to estimating and evaluate personal activities in terms of software and hardware. That’s due to new watches needs pairing device to communicate with other devices. It has problem with

Nurse Shark Facts Description, Habitat, and Behavior

The nurse shark  (Ginglymostoma cirratum) is a type of carpet shark. This slow-moving bottom dweller is known for its docile nature and adaptation to captivity. It is a different species from the grey nurse shark (one of the names for the sand tiger shark, Carcharias taurus) and the tawny nurse shark (Nebrius ferrugineus, another type of carpet shark). Fast Facts: Nurse Shark Scientific Name: Ginglymostoma cirratumDistinguishing Features: Brown shark with rounded dorsal and pectoral fins and broad headAverage Size: Up to 3.1 m (10.1 ft)Diet: CarnivoreLifespan: Up to 25 years (in captivity)Habitat: Warm, shallow waters of the Atlantic and East PacificConservation Status: Not Evaluated (Insufficient Data)Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ChondrichthyesOrder: OrectolobiformesFamily:  GinglymostomatidaeFun Fact: Nurse sharks are known for snuggling with each other while they rest during the daytime. Description The sharks genus name Ginglymostoma means hinged mouth in Greek, while the species name cirratum means curled ringlets in Latin. The nurse sharks mouth has a puckered appearance and opens much like a hinged box. The mouth is lined with rows of tiny backward-curled teeth. An adult nurse shark is solid brown, with smooth skin, a broad head, elongated caudal fin, and rounded dorsal and pectoral fins. Juveniles are spotted, but they lose the pattern with age. There are numerous reports of nurse sharks occurring in unusual colors, including milky white and bright yellow. Scientists have discovered this species of shark is able to change its color in respond to light. The largest documented nurse shark was 3.08 m (10.1 ft) long. A large adult may weigh about 90 kg (200 lb). Distribution and Habitat Nurse sharks occur in warm tropical and subtropical waters off coasts of the Eastern and Western Atlantic and the Eastern Pacific. They are bottom-dwelling fish, living at a depth appropriate to their size. Juveniles prefer shallow reefs, mangrove islands, and seagrass beds. Larger adults live in deeper water, taking refuge under rocky ledges or reef shelves during daytime. The species is not found in cooler deep water. Distribution map for Ginglymostoma cirratum. Chris_huh Diet During the night, nurse sharks leave their group, venturing out for solo feeding forays. They are opportunistic predators that disturb bottom sediment to uncover prey, which they capture using suction. When captured prey is too large for a sharks mouth, the fish violently shakes its catch to tear it or uses a suck-and-spit technique to break it apart. Once captured, prey is crushed by the sharks strong jaws and ground by its serrated teeth. Usually, nurse sharks feed upon invertebrates and small fish. Where nurse sharks and alligators are found together, the two species attack and eat each other. Nurse sharks have few predators, but other large sharks do occasionally feed on them. Behavior Nurse sharks have a low metabolism and generally expend minimal energy. While most sharks need to move to breathe, nurse sharks can rest motionless on the sea floor. They face against the current, allowing the water to flow into their mouths and across their gills. During the day, nurse sharks rest in contact with one another. Colors and shapes of underwater world / Getty Images In the daytime, nurse sharks rest on the sea bottom or hidden under ledges in groups as large as 40 individuals. Within the group, they appear to snuggle and cuddle with each other. Scientists believe this may be an example of social behavior. Nurse sharks are most active at night, when they hunt. Reproduction Male nurse sharks reach sexual maturity between 10 and 15 years of age, while females become mature between 15 and 20 years of age. As in some other shark species, the male bites the female to hold her for mating. Since many males may attempt to mate with a female, its not uncommon for a female nurse shark to bear numerous scars. The species is ovoviviparous or live-bearing, so eggs develop in an egg case within the female until birth. Gestation typically lasts 5 to 6 months, with the female giving birth in June or July to about 30 pups. It is not uncommon for the pups to cannibalize each other. After giving birth, it takes another 18 months before the female produces enough eggs to breed again. Nurse sharks live 25 years in captivity, although they may reach 35 years of age in the wild. Nurse Sharks and Humans Nurse sharks adapt well to captivity and are an important species for research, primarily in the area of shark physiology. The species is fished for food and leather. Because of their docile nature, nurse sharks are popular with divers and ecotourists. However, they are the responsible for the fourth highest incidence of human shark bites. The sharks will bite if threatened or injured. Divers are usually safe around nurse sharks and other carpet sharks, but bites occur when the fish are disturbed or provoked. Andrey Nekrasov / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN List of Threatened Species has not addressed the conservation status of nurse sharks, due to insufficient data. Generally, experts consider the species to be of least concern off the coasts of the United States and Bahamas. However, populations are vulnerable and declining elsewhere in their range. The sharks face pressure from their close proximity to human populations and are threatened by pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction. Sources Castro, J. I. (2000). The biology of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, off the Florida east coast and the Bahama Islands). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 58: 1–22. doi:10.1023/A:1007698017645Compagno, L.J.V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 205–207, 555–561, 588.Motta, P. J., Hueter, R. E., Tricas, T. C., Summers, A. P., Huber, D. R., Lowry, D., Mara, K. R., Matott, M. P., Whitenack, L. B., Wintzer, A.P. (2008). Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus, feeding constraints, and suction performance in the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum. Journal of Morphology. 269: 1041–1055. doi:10.1002/jmor.10626Nifong, James C.; Lowers, Russell H. (2017). Reciprocal Intraguild Predation between Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) and Elasmobranchii in the Southeastern United States. Southeastern Naturalist. 16 (3): 383–396. doi:10.1656/058.016.0306Rosa, R.S.; Castro, A.L.F.; Furtado, M.; Monzini, J. Grubbs, R.D. (2006). Ginglymostoma cirratum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2006: e.T60223A12325895.